Geometry
Geometry
Published: 2002
The greatest scientific contribution Muslims made to the world is the creation of mathematical science. Algebra, geometry, algorithm, and arithmetic are at the heart of every scientific and social aspect of life. There is hardly a single device, business entity, industry, architecture built without the Arabic numerals, the decimal point, the sign and cosine, the ruler, and the compass, all of which are Islamic inventions.
Many of the intellectual sciences Muslims developed were a direct result of the Qur’anic inspirations and their need to fulfill the rituals and duties of worship. The Islamic duty of Zakah or almsgiving and the distribution of properties in a will are deleted, a word examples of the duties that laid the foundation of geometry and arithmetic.
A Muslim is to give annually in charity and taxation detailed amounts of currency and/or crops. Figuring out the exact distribution of Zakah and property distribution of the well off do not come without complicated math. Each commodity requires precise scaling and percentage.
For example, for an acre of an irregular piece of land deleted a word to be split among a family of two boys and two girls, with the male share twice as that of the girl, a complicated formula and exact geometry of the land must take place before this duty is accomplished. Thus, mathematics and geometry came into existence.
The prominent historian, De Vaux, in his book, “The Philosophers of Islam,” said:
…they (Muslim Philosophers) were indisputably the founders of the plane and spherical geometry.
He further stated:
Using ciphers (Arabic for zero), the Arabs became the founders of the arithmetic of everyday life; they made algebra an exact science. The Arabs kept alive higher intellectual life and the study of science when the Christian West was fighting desperately with barbarism.
According to Gerard De Vaucouleurs, in his book, Discovery of the Universe, Page 35. Al Battani (939-998) was a great astronomer and mathematician. He published an original Almagest and developed trigonometry science, and discovered the moon’s motion’s inequality known as the variation.
Gerard De Vaucouleurs, further said:
Abattani made new observations for the sun’s position, improved the value of the tropical year, rectified Ptolemy’s precession constant, and measured the elliptic’s obliquity with care. He introduced the sine into trigonometry.
Albattani composed a work on astronomy, with tables, containing his own observations of the sun and moon and a more accurate description of their motions than that given in Ptolemy’s “Almagest.” In it moreover, he gives the motions of the five planets, with the improved observations he succeeded in making and other necessary astronomical calculations.
Some of his observations mentioned in his book of tables were made in the year 880 and later on in the year 900. Nobody is known in Islam who reached similar perfection in observing the stars and scrutinizing their motions.
Proving Elliptical Orbits 12th Century
Model for the Motion of the Fixed Stars – al Bitruji
al-Haytham
Arabic Study of
Geometric Elements
of Euclid
Al-haitham – d1040
Al-batani (939-998)
Al-kahwarizmi-12th-Century
Abul-wafa-10th-Century
Model of Planetary Motion – al Bitruji
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